How to Write a Sample of Good Narrative Essay?

How to Write a Sample of Good Narrative Essay?Writing a sample of good narrative essay spm is one of the most important skills that you can learn. If you want to write a sample of good narrative, you must first learn how to structure your piece. This can be difficult because writing is a process and there are many different ways to format a story.Good narrative essay spm will be composed of three parts - Story, Setting and Characters. In the beginning, you need to define the characters that are going to make up your sample. With a little research, you will find out which person or people you would like to include in your sample.There are many different styles of writing; however, there are also many types of writing that are considered acceptable. As a writer, you should be able to understand the different styles and how they fit into the genre. It's best to check your essay with an editor before submitting it to any publication.Having a good idea of how your audience will react to y our sample of good narrative essay spm is important. When you plan out your story, try to figure out what emotions the audience will experience. Depending on the emotions you are trying to express, you will know what type of theme to develop in your piece. If you are writing about a conflict, for example, you will need to know which character the readers will find most sympathetic.The most important step when writing a sample of good narrative is creating a plot line. As soon as you have written your story, it is important to create an outline. This helps you make sure that you have the most basic information for your sample of good narrative.Writing a sample of good narrative essay spm is a process that is important for writers. If you want to know how to write a good story, you must understand how to create a plot, outline and characters. You need to understand what kind of emotions to create and what mood to set up. By doing this, you can create the desired ending and the perfect tone for your writing.If you want to learn how to write a good narrative, make sure that you know all these steps. For example, if you are writing a story about a murder, you must understand the underlying motives of the murder and the persons involved. Once you have this knowledge, you can create a sample of good narrative essay spm that is both informative and fun.

3d Glasses Essay Essays

3d Glasses Essay Essays 3d Glasses Essay Paper 3d Glasses Essay Paper Informative Speech November 15, 2011 CMM 101 E General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience of two methods used for 3-D viewing. (concept) CT: There are two different methods used for 3-D viewing: anaglyphs and polarization. (chronological) Introduction: (When I was a little girl about 4 years old I had a toy that allowed me to see images in 3-D. The toy was red and looked a lot like a pair of binoculars. I could put different white circular cut outs in, each with a different set of pictures. If I clicked a little orange lever the picture would change. (Marshal Brain, founder of howstuffworks. com, which won him 4 awards including Yahoos best science and technology resource in 2004, explains how the toy I am describing and binocular vision works. The toy is called a view master or stereoscopic viewer. The view master imitates how our eyes already work, by using binocular vision. Our eyes are about 2 ? inches apart giving them slightly different views a t the same time allowing for depth perception. ) (â€Å"People only see what they are prepared to see. † , said classic American poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. Our brains and eyes are prepared to see life in 3 dimensions and pictures in 2 dimensions. We are unable to create a sense of depth perception for TV. and movies because both of our eyes are taking in the same image. (I went to see Lion King in 3-D with some friends. Katie had never seen a 3-D movie before. During the movie I saw something move out of the corner of my eye. I realized it was Katie raising her hand in front of her to touch the images. I laughed and she smiled back at me with a quick shrug of her shoulders. ) I had never really thought about how the producers created a 3-D effect before. Director James Cameron, the first director to produce two movies grossing over $ 1 billion announced, â€Å"Every cinema will be capable of showing 3D movies in the next five years. † While 3D may not yet be this exclus ive, 3-D technology has come a long way. (So how exactly do the images of Timon and Pumba singing Hakuna Mattatah seem to start dancing off the screen? ) We will be discussing two methods of 3-D viewing. First we will look at anaglyphs and then polarization. Transition: We all remember those silly cardboard glasses with one blue lens and one red one. They were used in things like comic books and found in cereal boxes. We could put them on and turn a distorted red and blue blurry image into a neat pop off the page clear picture. I. The first method used for 3-D viewing was anaglyphs. A. Anaglyphs were the earliest method of presenting theatrical 3-D. 1. In 1922 â€Å"The Power of Love† was the first 3-D movie. a. The movie used 2 camera two projector 3-D technology according to Internet Movie Database,developed by Harry K. Fairhall and Robert F. Elder at the Ambassador Hotel Theater in Los Angeles. B. Anaglyph systems do not require much specialized hardware. . According to director and writer Fred Wilder, anaglyphs take advantage of binocular viewing, by secluding each eye to take in a similar but separate image. a. Two images are shown simultaneously on one screen through separate filters. b. The images are seen through two matching filters in the lenses of the glasses. 2. Anaglyphs do not allow for full color viewing. Tr ansition:. According to Forbes and New York Times magazine writer Mary Bellis, who has been writing about inventors since 1997, the Polaroid was invented by Edwin Land in 1948, but didnt become very popular until 1965. After the golden age of 3-D in the 1950s the technology lost its appeal to viewers. People would rather see movies in color. It wasnt until the invention of the Polaroid that 3-D would be forever changed. II. The second method used for 3-D viewing is polarization. A. There are two types of polarization linear and circular, both allowing full color viewing. 1. The major feature polarization allows for is full color viewing. 2. The Oxford English dictionary defines polarization as with the use of an object, physics restrict the vibrations of a transverse wave, especially light wholly or partially to one direction. . Polarized light requires a device of some sort to block the vibrations in all directions except one. B. One type of polarization is linear. 1. Linear polarization uses differently polarized lights to create a 3-D effect, explains John Jerit, owner of American Paper Optics, a 3-D glasses manufacturer. a. Clear glasses with the similar polarization lenses are worn to filter t he opposing light sources. 2. Viewers must keep their heads level in order not to distort the image. a. Changing ones view perspective will cause channels to bleed into each other. C. A second type of polarization is circular. . Circular polarization works similarly to linear polarization. a. A major difference between the two types is the total number of images presented on the viewing screen. b. Circular polarization is the method used for RealD 3-D. Conclusion: 3-D started millions of years ago with the first humans to look around. We see life in 3-D, and now movies, television, and video games too. Now when you go to see your first or next 3-D movie you will know how images fly off the screen. However, you will probably still want to touch the objects flying at you like Katie did. Emerson, Ralph, Waldo. The Essential Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Modern Library, 2000. eBook. Child, Ben. James Cameron expects 100% 3D in the next five years. the guardian. 12 April 2011: n. page. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. Jerit, John. How do linear polarized glasses work?. 3d Glasses online. Centrasource interactive agency, 2010. Web. 12 Nov 2011. LaLena, Michael. Which 3D theater to choose. DIY audio and visual. lalena network, 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011. Brain, Marshall. How 3-D Glasses Work 18 July 2003. Web. 12 November 2011. Wilder, Fred. Anaglyph 3D know-how. stcroix studios. Fred Wilder studio, 2004. Web. 12 Nov 2011. admin, . Circular polarized 3d glasses vs. linear polorized 3D glasses. 3D cameras review. N. p. , 15 Jan 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011. polarize. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford University Press. 12 November 2011 Henderson, Tom. â€Å"How do we know light behaves as a wave. †: Polarization. The Physics Classroom Tutorial. 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011. Bellis, Mary. â€Å"Polaroid photography. Instant photography. † The New York Times Company. 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011 â€Å"Trivia: The Power of love. † Internet Movie Database. 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011.

What Is Juvenile Delinquency Example

What Is Juvenile Delinquency Example What Is Juvenile Delinquency – Coursework Example In your own words what is juvenile delinquency? Do you believe society puts enough emphasis on preventing juvenile crime? Why or why not?Juvenile Delinquency can in very simply words be defined as illegal act committed by a person who cannot legally be defined as an adult due to being of a less age. Punishment for juveniles involved in crime is often different from that which would have been to given to adults if they were to carry out a similar act. The main question that this seeks to answer is whether the society puts substantial emphasis on preventing juveniles from taking part in crime or not. According to the United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, it is the responsibility of an entire society to put joint efforts to ensure that adolescents are given an environment to harmoniously develop, as that is the only way of putting them away from becoming Juvenile Delinquents (Shoemaker). The guidelines shed light on the importance of equal educational opp ortunities so that adolescents can distinguish between what is right and wrong. The guidelines also point out towards that fact that young people should not merely be taken as objects of control, but rather have an active role in the society and its development.The society does without any doubt put an emphasis on preventing juvenile crime; however having said that it one should also understood that while knowledge and guidance can always be imparted, the acceptance or application of it always lies in the hand of the party at the receiving end. Similarly, while society has historically and will always put an emphasis on preventing juvenile crime, it is also in the hands of juveniles to take the lesson from their seniors and apply them in real life for their own benefit.Work CitedShoemaker, Donald J. Juvenile Delinquency. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009. Print.

Corperate Finace- Financial report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corperate Finace- Financial report - Essay Example As of now, the financial condition of Balfour is stronger. However, there is a lack of efficiency in the company’s receivable management system. The company must look into this matter with more concern. As of now, Balfour seems to be a better choice for the investors as this is offering a good return on the equity invested. This report aims to offer a comparative study of the financial statements of the two companies. The analysis has taken into consideration different parameters of financial analysis. To assist in understanding, the analysis has been done after taking into account the financial data of three years. In the end, a conclusion has been inferred from the entire analysis. The company is one of the leading property development companies in the United Kingdom. The company’s operation is based on its imaginative design and quality customer service. At the time of financial downturn, the entire housing and infrastructure market was experiencing a difficult time. In such a situation, the company started dealing in mid market residential houses. As the economy is on its way to recovery, the company is required to place its strategies to make its mark in the industry. Balfour Beatty is a leading organisation in road infrastructure, electrical and mechanical engineering, support services and a number of other such disciplines. Institutionalized back in the year 1909, the organisation is now one of the prominent fixed rail infrastructures contracting company, worldwide. In the last year, the company ranked 19th in the international league of contractors. Balfour Beatty deals in infrastructure building which includes a wide range of civil and rail engineering products. In the United States, the organisation deals in asset management and capital products. The company is expected to retain its prominent position with the help of well developed strategies. The above image displays the current and

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Nursing - Essay Example Nurse salaries are the major problem for some institutions along with benefits and intangible income. Moreover, medical costs and for profit health care have been increasing for the past decade. This accounts for other issues of nursing shortage such as nursing care, level of accident rations, and arguments between organizations and unions based on profits and salary increase. This decreased the nurse-patient ratio, which greatly affected the quality of care.1 The crisis of nursing employment became evident from the 1992-2000 surveys of the National Sample Surveys of Registered Nurses.2 Private and public sectors already contributed their observations regarding this matter. Moreover, some private companies have carried out actions to increase the nursing employment. For instance, Johnson and Johnson Health Care Systems have promoted a $20 million Campaign for Nursing Future. This program comprises of television ads, promotional materials among high school students, and a web site that exhibits programs among those aspiring for a nursing career. On the other hand, the public sector also contributed their share in promoting the nursing career such as congressional hearings and federal legislation proposing improvements in basic nursing education.3 Many factors are contributors to nursing shortage. One factor is underemployment. Many nursing graduates spend their career at another field instead of nursing. According to the National Sample Surveys of RN (2000), 71-73 percent of Registered Nurses were not working in the medical field and others have undergone retirement. Usually, these Registered Nurses had their reasons why they chose to work on another field instead of nursing, including better hours, more rewarding work, and of course, better salary.4 A next factor is the employment pattern on nursing. The gender issue presents itself conspicuously, as men who graduated as

Case Study Of River Severn At Caersws Environmental Sciences Essay

Case Study Of River Severn At Caersws Environmental Sciences Essay River is freshwater providing natural resources for food, recreation, energy, transportation, irrigation and drinking. However, the quality and quantity of river water have been limited due to climate change and other pollutions from sewage and food waste or farm effluent in the whole world. Moreover, other river issues which results from hydraulic principles of river have occurred frequently since the ancient civilizations in many countries, such as erosion and floods. This can not only cause destruction of life including fauna, flora and human, but also damage property like roads and bridges especially in urban areas and destroy farmlands in rural areas. Therefore, various types of techniques and practical schemes have been discovered and utilized in managing and restoring river in order to create sustainable (complex) ecosystems and protect human health and other vegetations. Take the United Kingdom for example, the largest river-River Severn, which is approximately 354 kilometres length from source that locate in the Plynlimon Mountains in West Wales to the sea (Witts, 2011), flows through several countries such as Shropshire and also has a large number of tributary rivers, which can be illustrated in Figure 1. BBC News (2011) states that it has various types of pollution and needs major restoration to comply with new European Union Legislation. However, the attractiveness of river restoration in recent years is normally following the damage of the point source of water pollution. Thus, diffuse pollution of the proposal river will be focused in the upper stretch of River Severn at Caersws and the related restoration will be introduced in the following sections. The main objective of this project is to critical analyze the potential pollution or issues of a stretch of River Severn at Caersws and to discuss the effects of restoration on local ecosystems and economy. Moreover, the several types of restoration schemes and techniques will be analysed including stream bank stabilization, enhancing riparian buffers by adding trees and natural grasses and other additional techniques. In additional, the changed hydraulics will also be explained and analyzed before restoration and afterward in this paper. Figure 1. Map of River Severn image map of the river Severn (Source: Mandy Barrow, 2011a) 2. Description of River Severn at Caersws 2.1 Site Description of the River Caersws is a small village in the upper valley of the River Severn, which can be illustrated in Figure 2 and Figure 3 (National Grid Reference SO 033 917). At Caersws the River Severn has a catchment area of 375 km2 and bankfull discharge is approximately 70 m3/sec (Williams and Rhodes, 1982). The main rock type of the proposal area is resistant rock and the bed is formed in coarse alluvial deposits (gravel and cobbles) having a mean grain size of 40mm (Haslam 1978; Williams and Rhodes, 1982). According to measurement in Figure 3, the average width of the proposal stretch of river below Caersws is around 20 metres and the length is approximately 4.2 kilometres. The aimed stretch of the river is surrounded by a large scale of farmland and green land with some trees. Figure 2. Map of the Location of River Severn at Caersws image: map (Source: Mandy Barrow, 2011b) Figure 3. The Google Map of the River Meander near the Victorian Workhouse in Caersws make-Meanders-near victorian workhouse in Caersus-google map.jpg Note: Red star shows the location of Caersws; Blue lines are boundaries of restoration; Red arrow line is the direction of the flow (Source: Google Map, 2011) 2.2 Why Restore River? It also can be seen that many meanders have been formed around Caersws as the river is flowing across low land where the water flows slower than other areas and the main erosion tends to be horizontal (sideways) which is different from the vertical erosion in mountains. As a consequence, the river has cut through a loop and an ox-bow lake has been formed in a long time period, which shows in Figure 4. As can be seen in the figure, a large number of sands are formed and the old river bed has charged, which results in the loss of local ecosystems and vegetations. For example, the uprooted trees and branches and sediments have been eroded by the force of water especially when the river is fall. To some extent, it will affect biodiversity of species, blockage of river which also related to floods and water turbidity. Furthermore, fertilizer, feaces of sheep and other chemicals from farming can be washed out into river, which can affect water quality whether in local area or downstream. On the other hand, there are some instability problems of channelization in the stretch of river as showed in Diagram 1, which results in expensive maintenance for controlling sediment and erosion in a long term. As for the principles of river management, natural development of river is more sustainable rather than control; thus, a less expensive and sustainable scheme with monitoring programme can be accepted for river restoration to achieve effective transport sediment and avoid erosion if the net value of aggradations or degradation of the river will reach nearly zero (Soar and Thorne, 2001). To sum up, it is better to restore the river bank and manage surrounding areas in sustainable methods in order to avoid potential issues of river and enhance the biodiversity of local ecosystems. Figure 4. An Example of Ox-bow Lake image: casersws (Source: Mandy Barrow, 2011c) Diagram 1. The Current Description of the River Severn at Caersws tu-1.jpg (Source: Hand Drawing by Chai, 2011) 2.3 Analysis of formation of Ox-bow Lake and Hydraulics of the River As hydraulic theory states that energy may be constant along the streamline for an ideal fluid (i.e. viscous of frictional effects are insignificant), which means the large number of energy can be created when the water dash on the river bank as the velocity of flow is zero (Chadwick, Morfett and Borthwick, 2004). Thus, hydraulic action can break down the rocks, remove and drag rocks from the bed and banks of the river by the force of the running water, especially in the extreme rainfall period because of unstable flows of great water force. Moreover, in this large stream the plants become more wispy and are confined to the sides. Based on these theories, Ox-bow Lake has been formed as the speed of river flows is faster on the outside of meander causing erosion and is slower on the inside of the meander resulting in deposition (Diagram 2). The part of the meander has been cut off and changed to Ox-bow Lake, such as point A in Diagram 1. Although other areas of the river are not forme d Ox-bow Lake at moment, they have eroded and deposited of the sites, which means the change of river channel and potential pollutions may be found in the future. This is also a reason why we need to restore the river bank and improve local ecosystem as well. Diagram 2. The Formation of Ox-bow Lake and Erosion of Meander draw1.jpgdraw2.jpgdraw3.jpg http://www.geographyhigh.connectfree.co.uk/s3riversgeoghigh26g.gif (Source: Mandy Barrow, 2011d; Geograph High, 2011) 3. Critical Analysis of River Restoration Downs (2001) mentioned that river restoration is an important activity of river management in Europe to enhance aquatic and riparian habitat, improve water quality and quantity, and facilitate human use. The River Severn at Caersws, which is a good case in point, needs to be restored because of erosion and deposition of the site. The main objective of restoration engineer includes: i) Dredging sediment in the river bank and improving the aesthetic quality of stream; ii) Protecting the bank-lines from erosion; iii) Maintaining the current level of river bank and flow regime; iv) Enhancing diversity of vegetation and sustainable of local ecosystem. The variety of schemes and techniques can be used in different point of the river in Diagram 2 to minimize aggradation or degradation and mitigate tendency of the meandering river, including regular meander path of similar meander bends, rock vortex weirs at meander crossings, riprap (stone) around bendways, and various vegetation around river bank. In the following section, the detailed planning of restoration will be explained (Diagram 3 4) and the impacts of river restoration on economy, local ecosystem and visual aspect will also be analysed. 3.1 The Restoration Plan and Hydraulic Analysis It is not necessary to change the main shape and structure of the river; however, it is possible to restore the river bank at the similar conditions in different parts such as meander bends and width. According to Diagram 1, the area A, B, and C should be focused on in the restoration as the major erosion and deposition are occurring in these areas. During the first stage, the general mechanical dredging can be used to remove damaged trees and other blockages in the river and remove hard rock and rocky materials from deposition sites to erosion sites in A, B, and C to create similar river width as possible as we can. The flow picture shows the potential mechanics used during dredging process in the development. Diagram 3. The Plan of River Restoration in A, B, and C Diagram 3.jpg (Source: Hand Drawing by Chai, 2011) Diagram 4. The Plan of River Restoration in D and E Diagram 4.jpg (Source: Hand Drawing by Chai, 2011) Secondary, a large number of soil that is suitable for grass and othe vegetation growth should be filled in the derdged site achieving the same level of surrounding fields. Then, the derdged rock should be binded together with large size of rock using meshes, which are like Gabions and placed and filled on the sites of cut banks as rock-lined embankments showed in Figure 5. Before restoration a large number of warer force washed out soil and sand from the river bank and then form the steep slop with ÃŽÂ ± (Diagram 5). However, the slop with ÃŽÂ ² (Diagram 5) will become more gently after resotration, which result in that the force of running water can be mitigated and reject bank erosion and lateral shift of planform of the river. Additionallly, Chadwick, Morfett and Borthwick (2004) stated that spiral vortex around the outside of the bend causes an asymmetrical flow pattern which tends to erode material from the region near the outside of the bend and deposit it near the insid e (Figure 6). Thus, stone riffles (vortex weirs) will be placed at meander crossings in the river to maintain the grade and to decrease meander wavelength showed in Figure 6. Consequently, both Rip-rap and weirs may not only change the wavelength of flow and the bed slop, but also maintain the stability of channel cross sections. To some extent, the landform and flow regime of the river may not be changed in a long term peroid after restoration, such as 50 years later. Figure 5. The Rip Rap of the River Restoration imagesCANNFEL4.jpgimagesCAL178I3.jpg (Source:Google Picture, 2011) Diagram 5. The Bed Slop Before and After Restoration à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾7.jpgà ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾5.jpg (Source: Hand Drawing by Chai, 2011) Figure 6. Current Pattern of the River Figure.jpg (Source: Chadwick, Morfett and Borthwick, 2004 Page 529) Moreover, willow spiling and faggots should be ultilised to control erosion in D and E and also to stabilise wide and shallow point bars as they are generally suitable for light erosion and may not withstand stronger forces (Environment Agency, 2010). However, the hyrdaulic will also be changed after restoration and the principle of the hydraulic change is similar to the change of that from strech A to C. According to Figure 7, the wood stick can break up the water force and wave prior to scouring of the river bank and damage the force of backwater. Faggots are normaally installed underwater to limite degradation and spiling can be applied on steep and vertical banks (Figure 7); in addition, the materials of both techniques can be sourced locally or imported to site. Take some practices in the UK for example, willow faggots and spiling have bee successfully applied sperately in the River Cam and River Skerne. Figure 7. Schematic Diagram of a Bank Protected Using Willow Faggots and Spiling http://evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk/FCERM/Libraries/SC060065_Images/4d3dc743-0a76-474b-880f-a372e4daebb4_8.sflb.ashxhttp://evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk/FCERM/Libraries/SC060065_Images/4d3dc743-0a76-474b-880f-a372e4daebb4_9.sflb.ashx (Source: Environment Agency, 2010). Furthermore, coir fibre products (Aquatic Planting), which support the growth and development of plants that physically secure the bank or shoreline (Ponds UK, 2011a), have been provided in some tree-lined areas to stabilise eroding banks. It means that the rolls can sperate and break the water force directly to the river bank in order to protect trees and further problems of the river such as blockage. Because the river is located in the low farm land and resistant rock area, verious rooted plants and other species can be established whether formed as rolls or not, including water-lilies, Canadian waterweed and water starwort, potamogeton natans, mosses, sparganium erectum, and Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum agg (Haslam and Wolseley, 1981; Haslam, 1978; Readers Digest, 1985). The coir fibre rolls are 3 metres long and normally six plants per metre (18 plants per roll) (Ponds UK, 2011a), which is illustrated in Figure 8. At the last, fences which was damaged by water force might be rep laced arround the river bank in order to keep animals (sources of pollution) far away from water body. Figure 8. The Photo of Coir Fibre Rolls http://www.pondsuk.com/wp-content/uploads/coir-rolls-and-nicospan.jpg (Source: Ponds UK, 2011a) In conclusion, verious types of techniques have been ultilised for river restoration to control erosion and deposition and improve biodiversity, such as derdging, rip-rap, vortex weirs, willow spiling and faggots, coir fibre rolls and fencing. Dredging which is the first stage of the restoration, can maintain the similar width of river bank in most parts in order to keep velocity of river flow. Rip-rap and vortex weirs can change the slop of the river bed, the length of the water waves and stability of channel cross sections to reject bank erosion and lateral shift of planform. Other options are sustaianble methods not only to cove large areas of erosion quickly but also to install aquatic vegetation where none currently exists. As a result, the hydraulics of the river after restoration will be changed and also become more stable and sutiable for renatural river. 3.2 Economy Analysis of Project IEPA (1998) stated that mechanical dredging is less expensive than hydraulic dredging in small project and usually cost from  £5 to  £20 per cubic yard including disposal. In the project, dredging is mainly utilized to move rock from the site to other site and it is hard to calculate the actual volume of dredging because of missing data; thus, the potential total cost of dredging cannot be assumed. Although there is no available cost of transporting rock from other regions, the cost effective and cheapest rock will be accepted. Ponds UK (2011b) mention that gabions (Rip-rap) are economic and well established tools for the construction of river walls revetments for river restoration project. As can be seen in Diagram 4, about 680 metres willow spiling will be placed in the river bank. It may cost  £115 per metre which is cheaper than other complex and mixed spiling (River Restoration Centre, 2011a). According to calculation, the total cost of spiling is around  £78,200. Moreover, 600 metres faggots, which are formed from local materials, will be installed in D (Diagram 4). Therfore, it is not easy to calculate the particular cost during restoration; on the other hand, the cost might be cheaper than spiling and also can be limited and saved in the operation phase. The cost of coir fibre rolls is approximately  £130 per metre (River Restoration Centre, 2011b), and 720 metres of rolls will be planted in the tree-lined bank. Thus, the total cost of the rolls is  £93,600 which is more expensive than other methods. In summary, coir fibre rolls, willow spiling and derdging are more expensive in all techniques, but the cost Rip-rap and willow faggots is sitting in the middle level and others such as fences and weirs are the cost effective options for restoration project. 3.3 The Impacts of Restoration on Local Ecosystem It is truely that every development or restraotion of river has negative and possitive impacts on environmental and social aspects whether in short or long terms. Restoration may take place in the sourrounding fields and can disturbance some normal activivties of animals and farmers, which may give occurison to pulic attention especially focused on the adverse impacts such as using private land during planning and construction processes. Therefore, the feedback of local farmers and related organizations should be collected before designing river restroation. During re-construction phase, mechancial derdging can cause adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystem as potential toxic chemicals and other contamination may be released from the bottom sediments into water body. Furthermore, it also increase water turbidity in short time period; to some extent, the change of water turbidity can affect aquatic species metabolism and interfere with spawning and water quality for ultilization especiall y in downstream regions (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). Although restroation has some adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystem and water turbidity, it is not means that restoration has no possitive impacts on local environment and water body. On one hand, restoration of the River Severn in Caersws aims to control erosion and deposition to recreate more sustainable, stable and natural river in a long term. On the other hand, it also has some benefits for local ecosystem; for example, willow spiling and faggots and coir fiber rolls can bring biological, ecological and engineering concepts together by using natural materials and growing vegetation to stabilise the river structure and flow regime and maintain natural ecosystem in the site. Moreover, a number of native wetland plants used in these techniques can make a varied physcial adaptated conditions for invertebrates, fish and wildlife in the river. It means the biodiversity of local vegetation and habitats will increase after restoration and water quality will also be improved as potential chemical pollution from frams and erosion ot the river bank can be controlled, which results in safety ultilisation of water for fauna, flora, and human. In a word, river restoration may control erosion and deposition and improve the hydraulics of river and water quality and also create a susatianble and natural river with great visual view in long terms (Diagram 3 4). 4. Conclusion The clean-up of the River Severn at Caersws illustrated why and how the river restored as natural source of water and how affect local ecosystem in the site. The more likely cause of restoration is the river erosion and deposition with continuous wavelength and water force, which will affect water turbidity and pollution in the local site and downstream. Moreover, the goals of restoration projects are often ecological in nature combined with analysis of hydrology and geomorphology of the channel. The variety types of techniques have been introduced during restoration processes, such as mechanical dredging, Rip-rap, vortex weirs, willow spiling and faggots, coir fibre rolls and fences. In a short term, restoration of the River Severn has some negative impacts on local aquatic ecosystem and water quality; for example, dredging can bring potential toxic condition and turbid water for aquatic species. However, the restoration is a sustainable activity of river management in Caersws to en hance aquatic and riparian habitat, improve water quality and hydraulics of flow regime, and control erosion and deposition of the river bank especially in long term periods. The width of river bank, wavelength, water force of damaging river bed and other flow regime will be changed after restoration programme. In conclusion, the restoration of River Severn in Caersws within suggested techniques is an effective method to redevelop the river become stable and natural in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects.

othello :: essays research papers

Iago cannot bear Othello's being a superior figure. Iago comments on Othello's going to war as "Another of his fathom they have none/ To lead their business." (lines 153-154) Iago insults Othello's skin color profusely behind his back. As the first part of his plan, Iago seeks to arouse Brabantio to the fact that the Moor has "robbed" (line 88) him of his daughter. Iago refers to Othello as an "old black ram/ tupping your white ewe." This tasteless reference pictures Othello's ugly black skin with Desdemona's beautiful white skin. Iago convinces Brabantio that he must rescue his daughter from "the devil," another racial reference to Othello's black skin. Iago never identifies Othello except with remarks such as "the Barbary horse" mounting Desdemona. Brabantio's cousins, Iago rages "will be jennets," (line 14) black Spanish horses. The racism and hatred behind Iago is only worsened by Othello's high position and high popula rity with the people; far higher than Iago will ever reach. Thus, Iago hatches a plot, not out of sheer malice or insanity, but out of a pathological jealousy beyond comprehension. Othello demonstrates his noble nature when confronted by Brabantio. He coolly remarks "I must be found./ My parts, my title, and my perfect soul/ Shall manifest me rightly." (lines 30-32) This remarkable presentation even causes Iago to swear in appreciation, "By Janus." He is insanely jealous over Othello's skill. The Duke does not even notice Brabantio just greets Othello as "valiant Othello." (line 48) Iago's first plan is foiled by the composure and sheer power of Othello. This only maddens Iago. Later, Iago scorns the Moor and Cassio. While his many accusations are unbelievable, they present motive and a pathological desire to ruin these people's lives for specific reasons. Iago believes that Othello won Desdemona, not by stories of perils, but by "bragging and telling her fanatical lies." (line 216) Iago also denounces Cassio as "a slipper and subtle knave, a finder out of occasions, that has an eye can stamp and counterfeit advantages, though true advantage never present itself; a devilish knave." (lines 229-231) Iago is able to denounce anyone through fictitious reasoning. In this way, he can make up reasons to seek revenge on innocent people. He also scoffs at Cassio's courteous remarks to women. He says that Desdemona is a "most exquisite lady . . . most fresh and delicate . .